8/8/2023 0 Comments Turbo flutter![]() ![]() The first commercial application of a turbocharger was in 1925, when Alfred Büchi successfully installed turbochargers on ten-cylinder diesel engines, increasing the power output from 1,300 to 1,860 kilowatts (1,750 to 2,500 hp). The testing was conducted at Pikes Peak in the United States using the Liberty L-12 aircraft engine. Separately, testing in 1917 by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and Sanford Alexander Moss showed that a turbocharger could enable an engine to avoid any power loss (compared with the power produced at sea level) at an altitude of up to 4,250 m (13,944 ft) above sea level. Another early patent for turbochargers was applied for in 1916 by French steam turbine inventor Auguste Rateau, for their intended use on the Renault engines used by French fighter planes. However, the prototype was not reliable and did not reach production. The first prototype was finished in 1915 with the aim of overcoming the power loss experienced by aircraft engines due to the decreased density of air at high altitudes. This patent was for a compound radial engine with an exhaust-driven axial flow turbine and compressor mounted on a common shaft. The 1905 patent by Alfred Büchi, a Swiss engineer working at Sulzer is often considered the birth of the turbocharger. Then in 1885, Gottlieb Daimler patented the technique of using a gear-driven pump to force air into an internal combustion engine. ![]() Use of superchargers began in 1878, when several supercharged two-stroke gas engines were built using a design by Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk. Prior to the invention of the turbocharger, forced induction was only possible using mechanically-powered superchargers. However, up until the mid-20th century, a turbocharger was called a "turbosupercharger" and was considered a type of supercharger. The current categorisation is that a turbocharger is powered by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases, whereas a supercharger is mechanically powered (usually by a belt from the engine's crankshaft). Safety concerns include turbocharger failures and high exhaust temperatures, which can cause car fires. Turbochargers are used in various applications, including petrol and diesel engines, with increasing adoption in petrol engines. Twincharging combines both systems to mitigate their weaknesses. Turbochargers differ from superchargers, as they are powered by exhaust gas instead of being mechanically driven by the engine. Multiple turbochargers can be used to address these issues, with twin-turbo being the most common arrangement. Turbo lag and boost threshold affect power delivery, and various methods can be employed to reduce turbo lag. Turbochargers utilize additional components such as intercoolers, water injection, wastegates, and blowoff valves to improve engine performance. The center hub rotating assembly connects the turbine to the compressor and may be water-cooled to protect the turbocharger's lubricating oil from overheating. Electrically-assisted turbochargers combine exhaust-powered turbines with electric motors to reduce turbo lag. Twin-scroll turbochargers use two separate exhaust gas inlets to optimize exhaust gas flow, while variable-geometry turbochargers adjust the turbine housing geometry to maintain the optimum aspect ratio. The turbine extracts kinetic energy from exhaust gases to power the compressor, which pressurizes intake air before entering the engine. The main components of a turbocharger include a turbine, compressor, and center housing hub rotating assembly. Turbochargers for passenger cars gained popularity in the 1980s, with the first models being the Chevrolet Corvair Monza and Oldsmobile Jetfire in 1962. During World War II, they were used in various aircraft engines, and Swiss truck manufacturer Saurer pioneered their use in the 1930s. Turbochargers were first used commercially in 1925, increasing the power output of diesel engines in two large passenger ships. The birth of the turbocharger is often attributed to Swiss engineer Alfred Büchi's 1905 patent, with the first prototype completed in 1915. The history of turbochargers began in 1878 with the invention of mechanically-powered superchargers. It uses this energy to compress the intake air, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement. In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (also known as a turbo or a turbosupercharger) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. ![]() Cut-away view turbocharger (turbine section on the left, compressor section on the right) ![]()
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